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Digital Electronics

What Is Signal .?

- 

A gesture, action, or sound that is used to convey information or instructions, typically by prearrangement between the parties concerned. Advantage Of Using digital circuitary? -

Fundamental Of Programming

Question 1 : Define :

1. Software
- The instructions that tell the computer what to do are
called software or programs. Program written by programmers.

2. Syntax Error
- Refers to an error in the syntax of a sequence of
characters for particular programming language.
Syntax error will be display at compile time.

3. Machine Language
- Language in the form of 0s and 1s is known as low
level language.

4. Interpreter
- It is one kind of program to convert high level language
into low level language.Interpreter check code line by line
if error than display error.

5. Reserved Keyword
- Some words are reserved for special purpose which are
known as reserve keywords.
Reserve keywords are not used as an name of variable,
functions, class etc.

6. Real Constant
- Real numbers are shown in decimal notation, having
whole number followed by a decimal point and the
fractional part.
Also known as floating point constant.

7. Escape Sequences
- There are some special character constants that
are used in output functions. i.e : \n

8. Variable
- Variable is a named location of memory that is used to
hold a value.

9. Data Types
- It is a type of data that can be represent in the value of
data element.

10. C Program Structure
- Preprocessor Directive
GLobal Declaration
User Defined Functions
int main()
{
    Local Declaration
    Statement
}

11. Input Documentation
- It is input formatting function.
It will read data from standard input and stored in given
variable.
scanf stands for scan formatted. 

12. sizeof Operator
- Using sizeof operator we can find the size of datatypes
and variable.
It returns size in bytes.

13. Array
- An Array is a collection of variable of same type that are
referenced by common name.

14. Structure.
- A structure is a collection of variables under a single
name. These variables can be of different types, and each
has a name which is used to select it from the structure.

15. Loop.
- A loop is a sequence of statements which is specified
once but which may be carried out several times in
succession.

CFO

Computer Fundamental And Oraganisation

What is instruction set .?
--> Instruction is collection of intruction which is understood by CPU.Usually it is
represent in assembly language.. it also contains binary digits and machine code.

What are the elements if intruction.?
--> Operation Code.
--> Source Operand
--> result Operand
--> Next Instruction

Where all the operand gone .?

-->Main memory(cache)
--> Register
--> I/O Devide

Intrsction Representation>?
--> Each INtrusction has unique bit pattern
--> for human readable form it made easy like ADD a and b.

Types of intruction
--> Proccessin
--> movement
--> storage
--> Program FLow Control

Number of address .?
--> 3 adrress represent - A=B+C
--> 2 adrress represent - A=A+B
--> 1 adrres representation - Accumulator
--> 0 afrrees represent as stack

Hoe many addreess.?
--> More Addrreess
- More COmplex
- More Register
- Few Instruction

--> Fewer Intrucion
- less complex
- more instrction
- fast fetch

Design Decision
--> Operand - How many type and all
--> Data Type
--> Instrction Formtes
--> registers
--> adrressin modes
--> RISC vs. CISC

Types of oprand
--> Number
--> ASCII
--> Logical
--> addres

Types of opration.?
--> Data Transfer
--> Arithematic
--> Conversion
--> I/O
--> System comntrol
--> Tranfer of Control

Data Transfer ?
--> Transferin Of DATA Must be specified like
- Source Adress
- Destination addres
- Amount Of DAT that should be tranfers.
- may have diff instrctionn for diff tranfer

Arithematic?
--> Addition
--> Subtraction
--> Multiply
--> Division
--> increment a++
--> decrement a--
--> negate

Logical && Conversion
--> Bitwise Operation
--> OR,AND,NOT

I/O && system control
--> may have specific instruction
--> depend on data movement
--> ALso Can be done By DMA
--> for operating system use

Transfer Of control
--> Brach
--> skip
--> Subroutine call

the system on the left has the least significant byte in the lowest address tht is called big-endian

The system on the right has the least significant byte in the highest addres.

addressin mode
--> Immeadiate
--> DIrect
--> indirect
--> register
--> register indirect
--> displacement
--> stack